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Ethereum: A Programmable Blockchain

Ethereum is a decentralized platform launched in 2015 that extends the blockchain idea beyond payments. It lets developers deploy smart contracts—self-executing code that can create tokens, DeFi apps, NFTs, and DAOs. Users pay “gas” fees in ether (ETH) to run transactions and computations. After the Merge, Ethereum moved from proof of work to proof of stake: validators stake ETH to propose and attest blocks, earning rewards but risking penalties for bad behavior. Scaling increasingly relies on Layer-2 rollups to make transactions faster and cheaper. Like all crypto, ETH is volatile, and smart-contract bugs or scams can cause losses. Its open-source ecosystem evolves through network upgrades chosen by the community.

Title 1

Ethereum is a decentralized platform launched in 2015 that extends the blockchain idea beyond payments. It lets developers deploy smart contracts—self-executing code that can create tokens, DeFi apps, NFTs, and DAOs. Users pay “gas” fees in ether (ETH) to run transactions and computations. After the Merge, Ethereum moved from proof of work to proof of stake: validators stake ETH to propose and attest blocks, earning rewards but risking penalties for bad behavior. Scaling increasingly relies on Layer-2 rollups to make transactions faster and cheaper. Like all crypto, ETH is volatile, and smart-contract bugs or scams can cause losses. Its open-source ecosystem evolves through network upgrades chosen by the community.